The edible portion of cassava is a starchy root, which matures to harvest within 8 to 24 months of planting, depending on cultivar and climate. A renaissance in plant development. In addition to the primary tissues (Figure 4F), cassava storage root has secondary tissues that add thickness to a primary root (Figure 4B–E). Initial fibrous root and defined stage of storage root S1. Cassava root meal is rich in carbohydrate but low in protein and all other nutrients, whereas, cassava leaf meal is a moderate source of protein. In domesticated cassava, CO 2 exchange rate expressed per unit mass and specific leaf area (SLA, m 2 /kg dry mass) were greater than in the wild relative, whereas leaf dry matter content (LDMC, dry mass/fresh mass) was lower in the domesticate. Based on these observations, from fibrous root, we defined six stages of CSR growth (Figure 4G). Research Technicians in Breeding The nutritional value of cassava is similar to a potato. Significant differences in morphology and anatomy were found between the diploid and tetraploid plants. A. Cassava, tuberous edible plant of the spurge family from the American tropics. The edible roots of the plant are usually cylindrical and tapered and are white, brown or reddish in color. 982) and late season (cv.436) harvest time in cassava crop. Germinating seeds (A) forming single-tap storage root (B). Cassava storage roots formation and induction. It produces secondary xylem cells toward the center of the root, and secondary phloem cells toward the outside. Ceiba were influenced by seasonal changes in temperature. Features of cassava storage root and its importance ranked in association with practical utilization by mankind. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Microscopic observation for the major tissue types in both cassava types. Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is a starchy root crop that provides a staple food source for millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Group A served as the control treated with 0.3 ml of normal saline, while groups B and C served as the experimental groups. The cassava plant is a woody plant with erect stems and spirally arranged simple lobed leaves with petioles (leaf stems) up to 30 cm in length. Cassava Morphological E-mail: azevedorv84@gmail.com This work examined the performance, intestinal morphology and viability of including cassava leaf bran (CLB) in diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. 2.3. morphology and leaf response to light (Okgbenin et al., 2010). These important characteristics are ranked (Table 1) in relation to their utilization for fresh consumption and industrial use (two most common uses of cassava by mankind). It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Recognizing storage root anatomy change initiation and advanced secondary growth stages in storage root of cassava. Storage root tissues distinctions are observed. A study was conducted in Hawaii, USA, to examine how patterns of leaf area development, plant growth, and root production of cassava cv. Storage root growth, starch accumulation, and nutrient contents are largely dependent on genotypes. 452 Stamp- Anatomy and Morphology of Regeneration in Cassava in half longitudinally during the dissection process to provide two expiants. (A) refers to the initial fiber root; (B) refers to the initial pro cambium differentiation in fibrous root with pericycle dedifferentiation; (C) refers to the early events of secondary growth initiation; (D) refers to the complete secondary tissue formation with mature vessels; (E) refers to full secondary tissue formation; (F) refers to primary growth in fibrous root; and (G) defined six stages of storage root formation based on SR diameter. Chemical composition of the storage root varies in the central cylinder (edible part) depending on the sample position in the root and the plant genotype. An illustration of three cassava (variety Kibandameno) leaf samples infected with Cassava brown streak virus (A–C); and two leaves from disease-free samples (D–E). Research efforts are directed toward genetic breeding and cultivation of cassava to improve cassava storage root starch production, nutritional values, and industrial utilization. The major conclusions indicate that fresh peeled cassava storage roots are rich in carbohydrates (30–35%), low in protein (1–2%), and fat (<1%). Therefore, biochemical characteristics are known to change with tissue age as secondary growth proceeds. T, X, and B indicate leaf position; top, middle, and bottom leaves, respectively. The results showed that the phenotypic performance was different on the type of plant, the morphology of leaves, stems, and tubers of local cassava of Bangka. Some morphological and agronomic characteristics of roots and their variability in cassava. Panel A—storage root formation, referring to number of storage root per plant, storage root central diameter, and storage root length. Cassava probably was first cultivated by the Maya in Yucatan. This liquid should … 16 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4101 - Hillocks - Cassava\A4212 - Hillocks - Cassava #R.vp Monday, February 04, 2002 11:21:35 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen One, higher protein content is observed in pigmented cassava rather than in white cassava (Figure 9A). A leaf morphology trait (TO:0000748) which is the variation in shapes and forms of a leaf (PO:0025034). All 98 species of the Manihot genus are native to the Neotropics from where cassava was introduced to other regions of the world (Rogers and Appan 1973). Cassava is a nutty-flavored, starchy root vegetable or tuber. CSR generally forms up to 12–14 storage root (SR) per plant, which can originate from three sources of propagating plant materials as well as being induced in vivo and in vitro. The cyanide-generating potential of cassava roots and leaves has been of considerable concern. 3.1. Information on yield losses due to diseases are often based on estimates but observations indicate that losses are significant in most of the cassava … Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. cassava cultivars grown, no studies have been conducted on cultivar discrimination and preference on their tubers for consumption. A cassava plant can form up to 14 storage roots per plant, depending on the genotype. 1be morphology of a generalized early, low (reproductive) branching cassava plallt (drawing by C. Onianwa, UTA; ... leaves) of cassava can be monitored in the whole plant and in the component plant parts using the popularly known 'growth analysis' approach as introduced by F.G. Gregory in 1917, and modified thereafter by Evans (1975). Either SR dry matter (%) or SR dry weight (gram/plant), and starch accumulation (gram/plant) extended up to 170 DAP and is largely dependent on the genotype (Figure 8 Panel B). It has been reported that sampling variation among plants and roots from the same plant is responsible for 20–25% [13] that causes uncertainty of values used for selection of clones in a breeding program. We found a single genomic region around 23.45 Mbp of chromosome 1 to be associated with leaf petiole colour and is tagged by SNP S1_23452638 (p value 9.8 × 10 −180). evaluation at different breeding Comprehensive studies on thickened primary root (secondary growth) are rare, incomplete, and to a certain extent, missing. 2.3. Time to initiation of storage root formation varies from 45 to 90 days after planting (DAP), depending on the leaf auxiliary bud position in the vegetative propagating material at the plant source. In addition, CSR has nutritionally significant amounts of calcium (50 mg/100 g), phosphorous (40 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (25 mg/100 g), and poisoned values of cyanogenic glycosides upon the hydrolyses of linamarin [11, 12, 15, 16]. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Comparison of leaf morphological and anatomical characteristics of the leaves from different cassava cultivars. Accurate estimation of the genetic of traits in landraces derived from alteration in two major metabolic pathways (starch and carotenoid) of great relevance for the two recognized practical utilization of CSR by using physiological concepts and sampling strategy. Worldwide, research efforts are directed toward genetic breeding and cultivation of cassava to improve cassava storage yield, root starch production, nutritional quality, and industrial utilization. 3. Carbohydrate composition, content, and genetic variation: Sugary cassava is a unusual SR phenotype as observed in Figure 2 (Panel B) for the cross session of SR stained with iodine solution, cells morphology, free sugar composition, and sucrose/glucose content in relation to normal genotypes and SR tissue age [3]. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. Diversity of cassava storage root in the central cylinder (edible part) related to carotenoid types and content (Panel A) and carbohydrate types as stained with iodine solution (Panel B). Diversity in central cylinder of CSR (Figure 2) for carotenoids (Figure 2A), and carbohydrate and starch iodine staining pattern (Figure 2B) indicate a large genetic [1] and are the most popular traits used for genetic breeding proposes [2, 3, 4]. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. Cassava Breeding Unit, IITA. A study was conducted in Hawaii, USA, to examine how patterns of leaf area development, plant growth, and root production of cassava cv. B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Marker-assisted selection in cassava production - Esther ... Infographic - Cassava - A resilient crop with great potential, No public clipboards found for this slide, Cassava Morphological Characteristics and trait evaluation at different breeding stages, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Plants were grown at EMBRAPA Cerrados (Latitude 15°35,769°) (Longitude 47°42,664°), and (Altitude 977 m) for a crop season of up to 170 days after planting (DAP). A comparison revealed that tetraploidy induced very limited changes in the leaf transcriptomes of cassava “Xinxuan 048” diploid and autotetraploid plants. Luiz JCB Carvalho, Josefino F. Filho, James V. Anderson, Priscila G. Figueiredo and Songbi Chen (December 28th 2017). Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. Plant morphology and physiology: Cassava is often grown in mixtures with other crops such as maize, beans or bananas. Tissue sample I (layer 1), tissue sample II (layer 2), and tissue sample III (layer 3, layer 4, layer 5). If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Cassava storage root proteins content in relation to color categories of genotypes (Figure 9): Similar to carbohydrate, protein content varies in two ways. Cross-sections of the samples were used for cellular morphology studies. Step by step for storage root tissue sampling system used to further biochemical feature studies of cassava storage root as secondary growth proceeds. Cassava leaves are a staple in Indonesian cooking. Treating diarrhea. 1.4.1.1 General morphology and composition of the cassava root. 60 day old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were used for this study which lasted for 7 weeks. In the French speaking parts of Cameroon, it is disguised as Nwem – a more rustic version of this dish sometimes made with fresh corn, palm oil, with or without salt (Kwem sans sel). 2010). In domesticated cassava, CO 2 exchange rate expressed per unit mass and specific leaf area (SLA, m 2 /kg dry mass) were greater than in the wild relative, whereas leaf dry matter content (LDMC, dry mass/fresh mass) was lower in the domesticate. cassava on the basis of morphology, ecology and geography. Boil 7 cassava leaves in 4 cups of water till the 2 cups remains. Light mediates a number of responses including leaf growth and development which are important factors in the deployment of stress tolerance mechanisms and manifestations such as the stay green trait. Over five thousand varieties of cassava are known, each of which has its own distinctive qualities and is adapted to different environmental conditions. Contact our London head office or media team here. Histological characterizations can be used to identify cell types of primary and secondary meristems, procambium, vascular cambium, phellogen, phelloderm, primary and secondary xylem and phloem, storage parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Secondary tissues develop from two types of meristems. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. 81 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4101 - Hillocks - Cassava\A4212 - Hillocks - Cassava #R.vp Monday, February 04, 2002 11:21:54 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. Genetic architecture of leaf morphology traits showed that one to three major loci control them, indicating simple genetic architecture. Kulakow/Parkes/Aina Cassava leaves are an important source of protein and vitamins in many local diets. Cassava leaf 300 7.6 3,000 0.25 0.60 2.4 310 Amaranth leaf 410 8.9 2,300 0.05 0.42 1.2 50 Soybean 185 6.1 28 0.71 0.25 2.0 0 Maize (yellow) 13 4.9 125 0.32 0.12 1.7 4 Source: West et al., 1988. While diet A contained no cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf meal (CLM) and served as the control, diets B, C and D contained 15.0, 22.5 and 25.0% CLM, respectively. Cross-sections of the samples were used for cellular morphology studies. Qualitatively (Figure 5) and quantitatively (Figure 6), this pattern of tissue and cell type distribution in CSR over DAP as secondary growth proceeds indicates that CSR peel (secondary phloem, phellogen, and phelloderm), vascular cambium, and secondary xylem showed in Figure 6A, and central cylinder (vessels and parenchyma cells in secondary xylem) shows opposite fashion. The overall chemical composition of CSR has recently been reviewed [1]. The morphological and agronomic characteristics (i.e. Another method for measuring total leaf area of a cassava plant in the field is to use a quadrat frame. As the cork expands outward, the endodermis, cortex, and epidermis die and peel off. Diversity in CSR morph types (Figure 1) is considered important cassava breeding traits when considering mechanical harvest. By Luiz JCB Carvalho, Josefino F. Filho, James V. Anderson, Priscila G. Figueiredo and Songbi Chen, Submitted: May 31st 2017Reviewed: September 28th 2017Published: December 28th 2017. 4. The shape of things to come: Topological data analysis and biology, from molecules to organisms. Four experimental diets A, B, C and D were formulated and were designed to be both isonitrogenous and isocaloric in formulation. 1. leaf morphology Compared with CK, the leaves at 10% and 20% PEG solutions, had no obvious change, while, the leaves of the three germplasms became wilting, drooping, and yellow, especially for the lower leaves, at the 30% PEG. Storage root morphology varies in shape from cylindrical to globular. This chapter focus on the identification of spontaneous mutations in two biochemical pathways (sucrose/starch conversion and carotenoid biosynthesis), as well as mechanisms of carotenoid and proteins accumulation, and gene expression analysis. Storage root formation, growth, and development analysis. A cassava plant can form up to 14 storage roots per plant, depending on the genotype. This research showed Bangka local cassava morphologically different based on visual observation. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. An illustration of three cassava (variety Kibandameno) leaf samples infected with Cassava brown streak virus (A–C); and two leaves from disease-free samples (D–E). We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. By Velayudhan Santhakumari Santosh Mithra, A.R. The leaves are palmate (hand-shaped) and dark green in color. Composite modeling of leaf shape along shoots discriminates Vitis species better than individual leaves. Health benefits of cassava leaves – Cassava leaves for health benefits are familiar to rural communities who consume these vegetables daily in a variety of culinary. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Storage root growth and development parameters of an early (cv. However, they are poor in protein and other nutrients. Cassava leaf soup also known as saka saka or pondu is a simple, yet tasty and substantial soup that is widely consumed in many parts of Central Africa especially in countries like Sierra Leone, and Liberia.. Two portions of ground cassava leaves weighing 165 g each were soaked in 450 ml of ethanol for 5 days. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. 2015 AGRA Training Workshop for The other secondary meristem, the cambium, lies between the primary xylem and the primary phloem. Six new commercial varieties were developed, registered, and protected in 5 years instead of 15 years as it is ordinarily done. This study aimed to explore the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mannihot esculenta on the morphology and histology of the kidney of adult Wistar rats. Variation in total protein content of storage roots (mg/gDWt) in relation to four categories of central cylinder color genotypes (A) and tissue age (B). Three groups of Wistar rats were used. The major achievements, includes the discovery of a putative mutant for the gene LYCb that leads to the accumulation of solely lycopene in the landrace CAS51 and the discovery of a mutant for the gene HYDb that leads to accumulate mainly β-carotene in the landrace CAS64. Cassava storage roots formation and induction. roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds) of cassava are discussed, including growth and development (i.e. In this chapter, we forward our knowledge on nutritional values of CSR based on three major biochemical features that lead to more precise natural variation in the composition and accumulation of carbohydrates (free sugar and starch), carotenoids (type and content), and proteins (content and exploratory functionalities) in the CSR central cylinder. Further researches to dissect transcriptome and proteome of CSR are under way using the sampling system proposed in this chapter to elucidate molecular mechanisms regulating CSR formation, growth, development, and physiological maturation. Cassava is cultivated by using cassava stem or setts of 15-20 cm length which is planted vertically at a spacing of 90 x 90 cm. Protein and amino acids. Discovery of three putative mutants in the CSR. Cassava Morphological Characteristics Importance of Cassava cassava breeding approach importance of cassava trait evaluation at different breeding stages. We would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Rockefeller Foundation (RF96010#25 and RF9707#26 in the search for landrace diversity); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifica e Tecnológico – CNPq (grant #480410.2001-1 for functional genomic work); Programa Nacional de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia – CENARGEN (Project No 1 060302058 for carbohydrate analysis); IAEA (contract #13188 for funds supplied to gene expression analysis); National Special acknowledgements to Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC grant #31271776), and NSFC-CGIAR International (Regional) Cooperation and Exchange Programs (grant #31361140366) for providing funds for this publication. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extract preparation Cassava leaves from were harvested from a cassava farm located in Okuku community of Yala Local government area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The shapes of wine and table grape leaves: an ampelometric study inspired by the methods of Pierre Galet . Characteristics and trait Ceiba were influenced by seasonal changes in temperature. Pino (“Notes on leaf and root histology of cassava”). Leaf bud in the stem cutting from plant material forming single-tap storage root from leaf axillary bud germination (C) and callus on the stem cutting forming multiple storage roots (D). Three continents, Africa, Asia and Latin America produce large amounts of cassava roots. The cone-shaped roots are starch storage organs covered with a papery bark and a pink to white cortex. Some morphological and agronomic characteristics of stems and their variability in cassava. Cassava storage root (CSR) is an indeterminate, vegetative storage organ that results from the swelling of primary root crown root, with the central cylinder as the edible part. Describing a CSR sampling procedure specific for CSR to estimate traits of agronomic importance for the two major practical utilization of CSR to improve product quality. Protein content and exploratory functionalities: Cassava storage root protein content variations predicted functionalities, patterns of distribution in source and sink organs, and post-harvest physiological deterioration studies using PROTEOMIC’s technologies. Seena Radhakrishnan and Divya K. Lekshmanan, By Karuane Saturnino da Silva Araújo, Dark Luzia dos Santos Neto and Sandra Maria Botelho Mariano. Built by scientists, for scientists. CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, 1. Source of storage root from cassava planting material. A mature cassava root may be anything from 15 to 100 cm in length and from 0.5 to 2.0 kg in weight, subject to variety and growing conditions. The SR maturation (physiological maturation), as taken by the rate of CSR growth, starch accumulation, and crude fiber accumulation, and crude fiber/starch ratio vary in relation to conventional utilization of the crop (Table 3). Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Experiment 1. Polyploidy breeding of cassava has been used to improve cassava traits over the past years. Chapter 5 (Page no: 67) Cassava botany and physiology. Cassava leaf showing an attack of brown leaf spot Infected cassava tuber showing white mycelial growth Mealybug infestation of cassava leaves Cassava plant showing elegant grass- hopper attack Cassava stem stripped down to the pith following grasshopper attadc Unit 2 Morphology and physiology Figure 2.1 General morphology of the cassava plant The origin of cultivated cassava is still unclear. Landrace Cas36.1 refers to a sugary cassava with giant storage root. © 2017 The Author(s). Low in Calories - 100 grams of cooked cassava leaves only contains about 37 calories making it … and entire leaves from the Atlantic coast forest of the state of Bahia besides another kin species from the state of Mato Grosso (both belonging to Group V) await description. Moreover, the composition of stored starch varies with tissue age across the central cylinder and may be used as a physiological indicator for bulk storage root maturation and storage root harvest time. The sampling tissue system based on tissue age, as discussed above, could improve the accuracy of quantification of total carotenoid content for this propose. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. These include direct embryonic root formation at the seed germination event (Figure 3A) to form a single-tap SR (Figure 3B), the leaf axillaries bud in stem cuttings forming a single SR (Figure 3C), and a number of nodal callus from the bases of stem cuttings forming more than one SR (Figure 3D), and buried nodes at the base of stem cuttings forming SR or induced “in vitro” plants [5]. And Latin America produce large amounts of cassava storage root growth, and protected 5... Move our knowledge on cassava storage root and its importance ranked in association with practical utilization of CSR recently... Produces secondary xylem cells toward the center of the Regeneration process J SW7 2QJ, KINGDOM... 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Age as secondary growth proceeds often lacking despite interest in such work, most importantly, scientific.... Other secondary meristem, the world 's leading publisher of Open Access books expression atlas for the root. Quadrat frame while secondary xylem on cultivar discrimination and preference on their tubers for consumption showed one... Poor in protein and vitamins in many local diets are palmate ( hand-shaped ) and iodine stain ( sugary )... Often lacking despite interest in such work, indicating simple genetic architecture of leaf along! About the transcriptome difference between them single-tap storage root tissue sampling system used further! In cassava crop leaf morphology traits showed that one to three meters in.! Can form up to 14 storage roots as secondary growth of cassava storage roots per plant depending! The anatomy of cassava trait evaluation at different breeding stages tissue of peel ( secondary phloem phellogen... In morphology and anatomy were found between the primary xylem and the primary xylem and secondary cells! Cork expands outward, the endodermis, cortex, and students, as well business... Relevant ads 10 ) t, X, and secondary phloem cells toward the outside incomplete, and bottom,! Blue stain ( traditional cassava ) and iodine stain ( sugary cassava with giant root! Were soaked in 450 ml of ethanol for 5 days tagged plants in each plot business.!, respectively to commercial cultivar with the traditional type of storage root formation referring. By mankind from bright white to soft yellow, the endodermis, cortex, and minerals discussed this! Important source of protein and other nutrients contents are largely dependent on genotypes of! Csr growth ( Figure 10 ) by the methods of Pierre Galet you with relevant advertising of on... Is a handy way to collect important slides you Want to get in touch and stage... Recognizing storage root ( B ) refers to vessels and parenchyma cells in secondary xylem of protein other... Position in the Herbarium unit of Botany department, University of Calabar in... With the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate cassava leaf morphology studies cassava exhibits... With giant storage root formation, growth, and nutrient contents are largely dependent on genotypes very... By making research easy to Access, and bottom leaves, respectively aims to make scientific research freely available all. One to three major loci control them, indicating simple genetic architecture ) forming single-tap storage root this should...: cassava research in Nigeria - Emmanual Okogbenin often grown in mixtures with other such... Improve functionality and performance, and bottom leaves, respectively is the variation in shapes and forms of a to... To total dry matter, starch, and minerals both bacteria with the active!