So I’m really struck by what Doctor Snyder was pointing out with regard to Columbus: 1495, Columbus kidnapping and enslaving 500 or so Indigenous people, bringing them back across the Atlantic. You can also find these online @tolerance.org\hardhistory. Partially to work them on their own plantations, but also for deportation. But there are several really important legacies of the Yamasee War that are worth highlighting. Hasan K. Jeffries: Now you had a chance to interview Doctor Christina Snyder. Even though Native people did take captives, we really don’t see evidence for that passing on to a child. Meredith McCoy: I recently began a position as Assistant Professor of American Studies and History at Carlton College. They even depicted the slavery as timeless. Teaching Tolerance Classroom Activities from Tolerance.org Many excellent activities for a variety of subjects and lesson plans. As Native American Heritage Month comes to a close, be sure to continue incorporating this history in your curriculum and support Native American students year-round. This doctrine of discovery is basically a legal notion that, supported by the Catholic Church, that decrees that only Catholic powers should colonize North America, and that essentially Indigenous people only had use rights. So we cannot understand the history of American slavery separate from the United States as a settler colonial entity. So there are lots of examples, especially in the early colonial period, of these colonizers taking and selling, were deporting Indigenous slaves. The Southwest—what you see is the Pueblo Revolt. So be sure to tune in. So there were traders who had actually resided in these Indian villages who were their main connections to the Indian slave trade. We’re going to continue to talk about the relationship between the Indigenous slave trade and the African slave trade. Meredith McCoy: Yeah, I think that’s a really important thing for teachers to break down with their students. So they kill about 400 colonists, which may not sound huge in terms of today’s numbers, but that was actually about 7 percent of the colony’s white population. Teaching Tolerance puts the figure at 500 tribes totaling about 22 million people. In order to understand the United States and how it functions today, particularly how class, labor and race function today, you have to understand that the settler colonial state has a deep desire for labor, land and resources. It often translates as “one who is owned.”. Learn about a new Smithsonian program and state initiatives designed to support robust, accurate teaching about Native history and contemporary issues. Hasan K. Jeffries: In our second season, we are expanding our focus to better support elementary school educators, to spend more time with teachers who are doing this work in the classroom and to understand the often-hidden history of the enslavement of Indigenous people in what would become the United States. My interests are really in histories of federal education policy and Indigenous resistance. The second thing is that the person could be adopted. I think many of us were trained as history teachers to teach the colonial era, and then the idea of colonization sort of disappears. At the same time that they were then bringing African laborers to the Americas so that they could increase their profits and develop this global capitalism. They are trying to preserve and as a result of that, it becomes sort of a new starting point in the difficult choices that they are making in what to do and what not to do vis-à-vis engaging with Europeans and also engaging with other nations. They can explode and kill someone. I want to return to the Yamasee War for a moment. The first season was amazing. Teaching Tolerance provides free resources to educators—teachers, administrators, counselors and other practitioners—who work with children from kindergarten through high school. My primary research again has been about the Southeast, but this really is a continental phenomenon where you see it happening in all the areas of colonization. Yet as European expansion, as settler expansion occurs across the continent, we see the same dynamics play out over and over again as Europeans are pushing not only their own bodies and their own consumption of Indigenous lands and resources, but also these really toxic ideas about the commodification of human beings out with them across the continent. When it comes to Native American history and culture, many textbooks are light on relevant content. Early on, when we think about the very first encounters between the Spanish and Indigenous people, the Spanish had an impressive array of technology that was also quite terrifying. There is some Indigenous slavery there, but also what people are responding to are other kinds of forced-labor systems. He and his father were both participants and had bought and sold West Africans in Europe. Our colleague Robbie Ethridge has applied this concept which can help us understand some of the ripple effects of this. So Europeans have this idea that slavery can be passed down indefinitely through, especially the maternal line, is how they begin to define it. What are these notions of bondage that Europeans are bringing with them? They had armor. Teaching Tolerance: Lessons Learned in Teaching Native American History: Indian Law Resource Center: Native American Rights Fund: For Librarians (AND Teachers) Creating a Library Atmosphere that Welcomes American Indians: Board Books: Top Books for Elementary: Top Books for High School: I think part of the importance of including Indigenous enslavement in how we teach the history of American slavery is that it does change so much about how we understand timeline and geography. Christina Snyder: It is incredibly important in the Southeast in particular. Teaching Tolerance Five lesson ideas from Education World. Teaching Tolerance, n29 p38-43 Spr 2006. From college dorm rooms to black barber shops and beauty salons. Educators use our materials to supplement the curriculum, to inform their practices, and to create civil and inclusive school communities where children are respected, valued and welcome participants. Even though it’s not entirely effective. But what does happen that’s different is that they, over time, are going to be a smaller and smaller percentage of that overall enslaved population. So basically the idea of someone who has not been incorporated into a kinship network, that person is permanently an outsider and they’re thought of as being kinless. I’m particularly excited about Teaching Hard History and being involved in the histories of Indigenous enslavement. So they were removing Indigenous peoples from the Americas and sending them out to the Caribbean, Europe and as far away as Asia. You see a lot of French influence in the Mississippi Valley. I also wanted to ask you, you’ve written that colonialism brought distinct and evolving notions of bondage into contact with one another. Doctor Snyder is the 2018 winner of the Francis Parkman prize from the Society of American Historians. Hasan K. Jeffries: There are real parallels between what happens to Indigenous nations when Europeans arrive bringing with them this new system of servitude and slavery, and what happens on the African continent when Europeans arrive and are bringing with them this new system of slavery and servitude. Twenty million, 95% of the indigenous population, died - many from the smallpox infection to which natives had no immunity. The first really is that Native nations decide that they’re no longer willing to engage in the Indian slave trade with European colonists. So it’s a form of colonialism that imagines Native people as being absent, disappearing, as having no role in the future of their society. The Federal legislation focuses on the education of American Indians, Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians for preschool to graduate school. That is, it really didn’t recognize indigenous territorial claims as being legitimate in European eyes. When it was  enslaving native people as part of a global economy began with Columbus’s second voyage in 1495 and it really continued until the 1880s or even later in some places. Their trajectories were altered forever. So it’s not just diseases. European colonies, like Virginia and South Carolina, New England, even in New Mexico, they’re beginning to be strongholds of European settlement and pushing out Native people. But what happens pretty quickly is that, by the late 1600s, Flemish gunsmiths have developed a different kind of firearm called the matchlock that is much more efficient, much lighter, very deadly, very accurate. Meredith McCoy: I think that would be such a brilliant way for teachers to think about how these changes are occurring on both continents with their students. But for the region as a whole, you know, it does really turn away from the Indian slave trade. Teaching Tolerance: How State Standards Represent Indigenous Peoples Instructional Content. These matchlocks called arquebuses—they’re kind of unreliable in wet weather. You're encouraged to search its portal for more. They feel like if they don’t get access to firearms, that they themselves will become victims of either European colonizers or more powerful Native neighbors. So we know that warfare played a role in shaping these Indigenous societies before Europeans. So animal pelts and Indigenous slaves. So, especially for Indigenous people who want to ally with Europeans, they engage in trade and really Europeans are only interested in two items of exchange. Hasan K. Jeffries: Our theme song is “Different Heroes” by A Tribe Called Red featuring Northern Voice, who graciously let us use it for this series. All of the other remaining settlers and enslaved people are forced into fortified Charleston for most of the remainder of the war. For example, the mission system would be one form of colonialism that has to do with converting Indigenous people and assimilating them into a Europeanized, Christianized lifestyle. Design a Video. The end was just the beginning. One thing to immediately come to terms with is that labor is a scarce resource in colonial North America and colonialism is fundamentally about money. She is the author of Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America. for Educators and Families. Meredith McCoy: Yeah. Discovering Lewis and Clark Music chronicles the history of the civil rights … McCabe Greer Professor of History, Penn State University. Native Americans of New England: Key Concepts For Teaching Native American Histories Websites Meredith McCoy: If you liked what you heard today, please share it with your friends and colleagues and then let us know what you thought. 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