Keyword : Classroom Interaction, Teacher’s Questions, and Questioning Techniques Classroom interaction is part of communication among teacher and students occured whithin the classroom. Questioning is a basic method implemented by teacher in order to build interaction in the classroom and also to stimulate the stu-dents to perform their speaking skill in target language. Thank you. It is important that, we understand the learning styles of the students and value all styles equally. In my opinion, the use of different classroom interactions among students has a great influence on both learning and teaching. In my opinion, one of the classroom interaction patterns should not applied in the classroom most. Role playing is whereby the students take on given role and act out on scene with other. Teacher must determine interaction pattern by taking idea of majority into consideration. Other patterns help us enrich the classes and have a variety of activities which is especially important when it comes to foreign language learning as different types of activities make it easier to adopt to the class and consequently, learn more efficiently. A study analyzing classroom interaction in more than 100 classrooms in five states found that teachers generally use four types of reactions. Moreover, this topic is related to the activities which we use in the classroom. If we were asked the most important aspect of learning and teaching, we would obviously say that interaction between teacher and students is an essential part of teaching and learning process. For example, I can learn better in group works and some of my friends prefer to work individually. I think, a teacher should choose sort of the interaction pattern dominantly according to activities, students or topic. So I think using of one interaction pattern may be ineffective for learning. Not everyone does it well—at least not all the time. Thus, using just one type of classroom interaction in the class is not appropriate. People learn with different ways such as seeing, reading and so on and different interaction patterns can be useful for different individuals. In my opinion, there are many advantages to using more than one classroom interaction patterns during the lesson. Some styles will work better than others in different learning situations, but no one learning style is completely perfect. Each student learns in a different way. Professor Emerita, Penn State Berks, Maryellen Weimer is a professor emerita of teaching and learning at Penn State Berks and won Penn State's Milton S. Eisenhower award for distinguished teaching in 2005. Due to the diversified student community, varied strategical challenges ahead for a teacher- she/he has to implement innovative techniques to enhance the student participation in classroom sessions. So when the teacher makes a decision about classroom interaction, he should take the number of the students into the consideration. For instance, the most appropriate way in a writing tas is individual work because the students should concentrate on the task in a silent environment. Because communication is a key factor in language learning. It is the teacher’s duty to find student’s needs and meet them with a proper classroom interaction pattern. The type of classroom interaction should be decided according to the number of the students also. Effective questioning involves using questions in the classroom to open conversations, inspire deeper intellectual thought, and promote student-to-student interaction. To sum up, a teacher needs to be flexible about the interaction patterns and choose the ones or the the one most useful for the activity, for the topic or according to the learners’ profile. This can consist of lecturing, explaining a new grammar concept on the board, having a whole-class discussion, choral drilling or … She has studied the research and tested it with her own students to determine how to ask the kinds of questions that get students talking in ways that advance their learning. In my opinion we cannot decide on certain pattern to apply in the classroom .I think all classroom interactions should be used equally .Types of classroom interaction changes in terms of student level ,topic of an activity and for the age of students .We learnt that from our Instructional Principles and Methodology course .Teacher should use all kinds of interaction among students. The qualitative side needed no hypothesis to be made beforehand; it helped a number of patterns (of teacher's questioning behavior and EFL classroom interaction) emerge out of the study data, which will be presented later in this report. We cannot use a kind of pattern by the purpose of “just using” without aim. I also agree with Uğur Can about the using more than one pattern in the classroom. Maryellen Weimer, PhD As we have learned from our course FLE 200, in an effective lesson, all interaction patterns should be present. I think using of one interaction pattern is not useful. You don’t have to subscribe to the Socratic method to appreciate the value of a question in higher education. presents tangible solutions that have worked for other instructors and that can work for you. Encourages in-depth conversations among students (and between students and instructor). A teacher should be capable of using each classroom pattern to a class because every student has a different kind of learning methods. Prepare your students for interaction right off the bat. Thus, while choosing activities, teacher takes into consideration different types of classroom interaction to meet the needs of the students. I am not saying that only one interaction pattern is enough, of course. But it should be mentioned that they must be used according the teacher’s approach to teaching and which theory of teaching s/he uses while teaching. Asking questions in order to involve students in classroom interaction is the most common technique used by teachers in EFL settings. Second-language classroom interaction : questions and answers in ESL classes. How individualization can help both to student and to teacher? A common problem that EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers are facing is to deal with a passive class, where students are unresponsive and avoid interaction with the teacher. How should a teacher arrange a classroom to enable the most effective interaction? I think the teacher should balance the usage of all interaction patterns to make his/her lesson effectual. Episodes of classroom interaction from video recorded The usage of interactions can be determined according to the subject and focus of the lesson. Ask open-ended questions Questions provide teachers with the ability to check on and enhance student learning. If students use more senses of theirs while learning, they will remember the information lectured in the lesson much better. However, she should integrate individual work into that so that students can work on independently, or she occasionally should ask close-ended questions. Resultantly, classroom interaction is changed in several positive ways. Effective questions focus on eliciting the process, i.e. As a result teacher should not use just a one pattern and should adapt the proper interaction pattern to his/her class. We cannot say that one interaction pattern should dominate the others or just one pattern should be used for that course without the help of other patterns. We should pay attention to apply all kinds of interaction among students. The number of student-to-student interactions (5) Student use of complete sentences (6) Speculative thinking on the part of students (7) Relevant questions posed by students Get this from a library! Questions are powerful, valuable tools that can take learning to new heights. To ask better questions in the first place, we have to know what kinds of questions to ask and when to ask them. When you ask better questions of your students, your students will start to ask better questions of you. Asking good questions smooths the interaction between the teacher and his or her students (Behnam & Pouriran, 2009 p. 123). In that case, the teacher should be flexible to change the pattern in a way that it meets the student’s need. Hypothesis 2:Referential questions create more interaction in the classroom than display questions do. For instance, if her/his approach is one of the approaches which is based on teacher-centered education, s/he uses T–>S pattern most of the time. Interaction will not necessarily happen spontaneously, however, and in my view it has to be considered before teaching. Which criterias are important when arranging selection of activities? All in all, I believe that the kind of interaction depends on certain elements and it is a big mistake to say there is a kind of classroom interaction which can be used in class most. As teachers, we cannot allow the dominance of just one type. How Can Disruptive Innovation Impact STEM Education? Individuals are different from each other in terms of their characteristic and learning styles. Everyone does it. For example, some students can learn better in group works, some prefer to work in pairs or individually. For example, a teacher should embrace ‘teacher talk’ of the patterns if she teaches grammar the students. According to me, all of the types of classroom interaction pattern should be used. For example, while we ask a question, we cannot say that there can be used “pair work” pattern for this example. Teachers can create an active learning environment by encouraging students to ask and answer questions. Otherwise, students might be excluded and, thus bored. Their interests are different. Ask questions or hold up objects to elicit responses from the children. In the classroom environment, there may be different types of activities, situations or problems of different lessons. We ask them on exams. In short, no matter what pattern type is used, its suitability to the context should be taken into consideration. As you kick off the … I think we can not say that there is a certain type of classroom interaction which should be used in class most or that all classroom interactions can be used equally. [Ann C Wintergerst] -- This book analyzes teacher and student interaction in the context of twelve ESL lessons, with the purpose of exploring the extent of student language output. In the classroom environment, there may be different types of activities, situations or problems of different lessons. What are some of the advantages of group working? Learn the subtle things you can do to make your questions more powerful and your classroom interactions with students more fruitful. One way that we can show that we value all learning styles is to make certain that we vary our lesson plans so that they include activities that address the different styles. Immigrant students may come from cultures that do not expect students to ask or answer questions during classroom discussions. We can’t talk about any domination of any interaction pattern in class. One of the first directions for improving the quality of classroom questions was determining the intellectual level of teacher questions. Effective questions depend on the using of teachers’ skills. It’s not a secret. For example; pair work can be effective for speaking activity so as to give chance to each student to speak . In my opinion the aim of the teacher should be to harmonize all of these classroom interaction patterns according to the needs of the students for an effective teaching and learning process. I cannot say one of the classroom interaction pattern is the best of classroom interaction patterns. In my opinion, the use of interaction patterns depends on the context of the lesson, so it would be illogical just to use one or two type of pattern mostly. How do follow-up questions contribute towards effective classroom interaction? We ask them during class. Learn the subtle things you can do to make your questions more powerful and your classroom interactions with students more fruitful. Thus, a teacher should integrate the suitable types of interaction patterns into his / her classroom by looking at the needs of the students to be fulfilled. T - S: Questions and answers (dialogues) between the teacher and a student, such as in demonstration, checking comprehension. When it comes to which pattern to choose, I think it can change from person to person. According to me, all of the types of classroom interaction pattern should be used. Praise. Uğur Can A. For example, when only the teacher talk pattern is used, the students become passive and silent and get bored, which affects their interest negatively in the lesson. We ask them in assignments. It may be a single pattern, multiple pattern or a combination of patterns. The interaction can A teacher can decide considering all of the criterions above to make the lesson efficient by choosing the best suitable interaction pattern for that specific activity. For example in teaching pronunciation, Choral Response pattern would be the best for the students because in this pattern, it is possible for every student to repeat the word several times. The students in our classes will have different learning styles. Teacher-centered activity is when the teacher controls the group. Here, you can answer our question about Classroom Interaction in ELT. That leads to more engaging discussions and higher levels of learning. Although we know the importance of interaction patterns used in the classrooms, we can’t decide which interaction pattern should be used in an effective learning and teaching process as there are many different students from many different worlds. To interact in the classroom, teacher and students talks are needed. The present study attempted to describe the types of questions that the teacher usually applies in the classroom during teaching and learning pro- Another thing we should consider that we are human beings and it is normal for us to be a part of communication. When you ask better questions, you get better responses—and better questions—from your students. Classroom interaction is one of the crucial factors in the teaching-learning process. For example; in a large class pair work and group is not very useful and may cause some problems (extreme noise). Common Interaction Patterns in an ESL classroom. 5.How should be the effective questioning arranged? Weimer has consulted with more than 600 colleges and universities on instructional issues and regularly… Read More, 1-800-433-0499 Questioning has been recognized as the equipment of classroom teachers and profound to prominent teaching. When it comes to lecturing, I think, teacher ↔ student interaction should be used because the teacher is the source of right information, so s/he ought to conduct the lesson. Also, teachers should be able to make shifts between interaction patterns for instance when students cannot complete the task because of its difficulty, the teacher should teach it him/herself. Your email address will not be published. However, it is important to note that not all questions are created equal. And there’s the rub. Also, some students may not rely on the information given by their peers. Because this question has only one answer, I should agree with my friends. Recently, attention has been directed not only at how teachers ask questions, but also at how they respond to student answers. Interactions in the Early Childhood Classroom Presented by: Tym Smith Early Care and Education Training and Consulting www.tymthetrainer.com (972)200-0504. I mean, classroom interactions should serve the purpose. 2. The Teaching Professor Group Subscription, Leadership in Higher Education Conference, National Conference on Student Leadership, Advertising and Sponsorship Opportunities, Journal of Faculty Development Submission Guidelines. Changing how you use questions requires a few simple tweaks to your approach and not a major overhaul of your teaching methods. Child Choice – Observe what the child prefers during free play time. The teacher should choose the useful patterns for his/her course. I do think that we should use variety of interaction patterns but what really comes first is the lecture that is the transmission of the information for which we are there to teach students. the ‘how’ and ‘why,’ in a student’s response, as opposed to answers which just detail ‘what.’ Difficult students, naturally, exist in every classroom. A. The following objectives and research questions are tested: Objective 1: To analyze the perception of teachers and students about student-teacher interaction. Changing how you use questions requires a few simple tweaks to your approach and not a major overhaul of your teaching methods. Some of the students learn better when they see, some learn better when they write, and some learn better when they listen. … Teacher should know his/her students’ intelligences, interests etc. I don’t think that the teacher can choose a pattern to apply it to the classroom without thinking about the students’ needs and the topic of the lesson. The English language classroom certainly should become a more varied and interesting environment. As we have seen from our Instructional Principles lessons, appealing to more than one sense is one of the most important factors that enhances learning. When answering this question, we should consider that we need clear, multi way, efficient and useful interaction among the all class including teacher. Interaction patterns also depend on tasks. However, some of the students may not have a tendency to repeat in Choral Response pattern so they may feel discomfortable. When you are finished with this program, you will know: In this quick, hard-hitting video you will learn how to use questions to stimulate intellectual curiosity and promote learning. Changing how you use questions requires a few simple tweaks to your approach and not a major overhaul of your teaching methods. For instance, pronunciation study requires both choral and individual responses. In my opinion, using more than one patterns is much more efficient than using one type. If we can think that we will use some activities which provide the different patterns, it is unavoidable that we will use the different kind of patterns. Each pattern should be used when it is needed. Any pattern’s dominance should change according to lesson’s focus. Look for what activities the child engages with the most. Classroom interaction also other method like role playing, conversation, reading around, and questions and answer.Reading aloud includes a situation whereby one person read while others listen. For example, I can learn better in group works and some of my friends prefer to work individually. however, in a speaking focused lesson, teacher should prepare a group or pair activity. Please give your answers by providing examples. Also, s/he should use the interaction patterns variably. Required fields are marked *. If s/he is qualified enough as a teacher, and if s/he can apply the pattern his/her classes withouth any problem, we can’t force this teacher to use the other patterns only because we think it is good to use all of the patterns. 1. o they encourage proficient learners to speak more o they allow learners to build on each other's thoughts/responses o they give the teacher an opportunity to test learners' communicative competence. Qualitative questions directly influence the classroom activities. However, some activities require just one type of interaction, so teacher should decide on the type suits the most to that specific activity. 4. Also, all students are different. Break the ice at the start. All interaction patterns have different advantages. Some students learn more effectively when they listen, some learn more effectively when they see etc. As each class is different from each other, teacher should decide which pattern s/he will use most frequently according to the class. Teach a peer prompts or responses so adult prompts can fade. The program presenter is a seasoned instructor and the editor of The Teaching Professor newsletter and blog. T - Ss: Teacher talking to the whole class, such as in presenting a text, explaining grammar, giving instructions for an activity. Interaction helps learners develop language learning and social skills and so maximising interaction in the classroom is an important part of the teacher's role. The aim of the teacher is important, here s/he should know the learning types of the students so as to be able to adjust the lesson according to the majority of the classroom, and also should include the other types of learning not to lose the other students. Founded in 1972, Magna Publications serves the higher education community supporting professional development. of open and closed teacher questions. You can learn the subtle things you can do to make your questions more powerful and your classroom interactions with students more fruitful in What Kinds of Questions Encourage Student Interaction? Research Question 1: Is there a difference in the perception of teachers and students about the teacher-student interaction? In parallel to this, we can suppose that the learning styles or strategies can show difference from one student to another in different aspects. ı think interaction patterns should be applied according to the circumstances since we can not say that one of them is always the best. According to Walsh (2013), questions in educational settings are divided into two types according to the question’s purpose: display and referential. Yet we also know that when you ask better questions, you get better answers. ı think it is not true to choose just one interaction pattern and use it in the classroom because the most useful way of teaching and learning should serve in terms of almost all aspects. Moreover, teacher should arrange the lesson according to the type of activities. A language teacher should be able to use them if necessary. Clarity, wait time, higher order thinking, and higher expectations are factors that influence the quality of teacher interactions with all students, but some factors pertain more specifically to the participation of ELLs. … QUESTIONS. The questions of four ESL teachers in Hong Kong were analyzed. QUESTIONING. What Kinds of Questions Encourage Student Interaction? 5 Steps to Promote Social Interaction in the Classroom for Young Children. Devotes a significant proportion of class time (15-30%) to student interactions. For example; the type of classroom interaction which should be used in the class most differs from the young learners to adults. The reaction includes a response to a question, an item in a drill, a word pronounced and a sentence written.” (Sarosdy et al, 2006: 35) Interaction in the classroom can occurs when the teacher transfers his or her knowledge to the students and the students transform the information they got, and then construct it based on their understanding, value and application (Dewey, 1916). 3. In this 20-minute video, she will share her insights and strategies that you can start using right away. Asking questions is an important part of any teacher's daily interaction with their students. When you’re done, you will be ready to ask questions that challenge assumptions, present new possibilities, and serve as a catalyst for action and change. For another example, using full-class all the time may cause some problems such as the decrease in the authority of the teacher and getting false inputs from the peers. As teachers we should be sympathetic about unexpected conditions and we should not restrict learners with nonsense limitations. Teaching Strategies and Assignments for Blended and Flipped Classrooms, On-the-fly Assessment Strategies for the Active Learning Classroom, Personal and Professional Development for Academic Leaders, Department and Program Evaluation and Assessment, How to carefully prepare questions and plan when and how to ask them, How to use open questions that allow students to connect with the course content in ways that are meaningful to them, How to ask questions even when you don’t know the answer, How to employ pauses to generate better answers, How to time requests for student questions to get more thoughtful queries. By considering her lesson and students’ profile your questions more powerful and your classroom interactions should serve the purpose “just. By listening to teacher chance to each student to speak every classroom–both questions! 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