The obtained synthesized ZnO has shown nanorods of hexagonal prismatic and hexagonal pyramid-like structures, with some spherical and ellipsoid shapes. Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are considered as a biosafe material for biological species.  |  Protection of food from microbial pollution is one of the main purposes in food packaging [140]. For example, ZnO has been included into a number of food linings in packaging to avoid spoilage plus it maintains colors. So the dissolution phenomenon is somewhat under debate, although it has been adopted and accepted. Defects extensively change grain boundary properties and the IV characteristics [23]. 4(1), 217–222 (2011), N.A. a EDS spectrum of E. coli in ZnO mixture, b FESEM micrographs of E. coli exposed to ZnO, arrows show ZnO particles on the bacteria surface, c untreated bacteria cells, d Mishra, J. Musarrat, A.A. Al-Khedhairy, Reactive oxygen species mediated bacterial biofilm inhibition via zinc oxide nanoparticles and their statistical determination. Kirkinezos, C.T. Rasmussen, E. Martinez, P. Louka, D.G. It was attributed to membrane disruption and raises its permeability, which in turn causes the gathering of ZnO-NPs inside the membrane and then reaches the cytoplasm. BioNanoScience 2(4), 329–335 (2012). Epub 2018 Oct 22. [62] suggested a creation of electrostatic forces when E. coli treated with ZnO. The hexagonal wurtzite structure possesses lattice spacing a = 0.325 nm and c = 0.521 nm, the ratio c/a ~ 1.6 that is very close to the ideal value for hexagonal cell c/a = 1.633. 185, 1–22 (2012). The use of polymer nanotechnology in packaging was introduced by Silvestre et al. Such reverse charges enhance the total effect by creating electrostatic forces, which serve as a powerful bond between NPs and bacterial surface. Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Food Addit. activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the presence of sonicated piezoelectric zinc oxide nanoparticles, in 2009 IEEE 35th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Boston, MA, USA, 3–5 April 2009 (IEEE, 2009), pp. d Probable mechanisms, involves the following: metal ions uptake into cells, intracellular depletion, and disruption of DNA replication, releasing metallic ions and ROS generation and accumulation and dissolution of NPs in the bacterial membrane. Thin Solid Films 516(18), 6167–6174 (2008). Therefore, engineered nanostructures might modify their toxicity by manipulating the dissolution rate [80, 107, 117, 119, 120]. ZnO is currently being investigated as an antibacterial agent in both microscale and nanoscale formulations. Further, ZnONPs have also been used as an effective carrier for the targeted delivery of several anticancer drugs into tumor cells. the textile industry, in Bionanotechnology II Global Prospects, ed. J. Nanomed. Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. In a similar manner, Xie et al. [91] reported that the MIC of ZnO-NPs (30 nm) toward C. jejuni (0.05–0.25 mg mL−1) was 8–16-fold lesser than E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (0.4 mg mL−1). doi:10.1021/es052069i, M. Li, L. Zhu, D. Lin, Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to Escherichia coli: mechanism and the influence of medium components. Nanomed. doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9694-y, M. Premanathan, K. Karthikeyan, K. Jeyasubramanian, G. Manivannan, Selective toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles toward Gram-positive bacteria and cancer cells by apoptosis through lipid peroxidation. The TGA has been continuously monitoring the emerging scientific literature in this area and working cooperatively with international regulatory agencies to ensure that ap… - 185.26.145.194. In other words, MIC is the concentration which impedes and absolutely prevents bacterial growth. Appl. For example, ESI is used to investigate the elemental distribution of ZnO particle surfaces. The cell wall lies outside the cell membrane and is composed mostly of a homogeneous peptidoglycan layer (which consists of amino acids and sugars). Increased cell death achieved by increasing ZnO concentrations, which disrupt mitochondrial function, stimulating lactate dehydrogenase leakage and changing the morphology of the cell at concentrations of 50–100 mg L−1 [90]. It was elucidated on the fact that smaller surface curvature of sphere causes high equilibrium solubility. dos Reis Coimbra, N.J. de Andrade, R.S. According to this hypothesis, ZnO-NPs toxicity is referred to the solubility of Zn2+ in the medium including the bacteria. Lett. Technol. This is as a result of their potential biocompatibility over other metal oxides, solubility in alkaline medium, and the Zn–O terminated polar surfaces [26]. 69(7), 4278–4281 (2003). Technol. Ceram. Usually, antibacterial tests are done in aqueous media or cell culture media. The percentage inhibition (after 24 h incubation) was calculated from the OD readings as follows. A fluorescent dye dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) has been used recently to detect the intracellular ROS levels in bacteria and cancer cell lines [109, 110]. doi:10.1080/02652030110072722, K.L. Sunscreens are physical and chemical UV absorbers. Currently, it was found that Zn2+ of ZnO is capable to interact with protein and has a potential effect to HSV-1 pathogenesis [109]. study [50] was presented. Zahidi, M.R. Huang, Z.-X. Skalska J. Frontczak-Baniewicz M. Strużyńska L. (2015). Barry, W.A. doi:10.1016/S1466-6049(01)00197-0, S. Nair, A. Sasidharan, V.D. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in [122] summarized that Zn2+ release mechanism affected by two main parameters: (i) the physicochemical properties of the particles including porosity, concentration, particle size, and morphology. Based on the growth curves and percentage viability, their findings revealed that the activity is size dependent, where smaller sized ZnO-NPs possess best antimicrobial action under visible light. [57] have shown that the release of Zn2+ ions was a logical cause of ZnO toxicity toward Saccharomyces cerevisiae bacteria (these bacteria is highly considered in food processing). One of these essential applications is in food industry; as an antibacterial agent in food packaging and towards foodborne pathogen. doi:10.1155/2011/628203, Z. Xu, J.-Y. Yamamoto [51] found that the higher concentration and the larger surface area can obtain the better antibacterial activity. 4A: a–d), and considered a lethal effect. Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity directly correlates with their concentration as reported by several studies, likewise, the activity is size dependent, however, this dependency is also influenced by concentration of NPs. The controls, positive control (ZnO and TSB), and negative control (bacteria and TSB) were prepared for each set of experiment. Craig, H. Nadler, L.B. Scientific works have elucidated the efficiency of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) against different cancer cell lines. The electronic band structure of ZnO, as a semiconductor material consists of a conduction band (CB) and a valence band (VB). Some most common bacterial foodborne pathogens are C. jejuni, C. perfringens (is the cafeteria germ), Salmonella spp., and E. coli O157:H7. doi:10.1007/s11947-012-0797-6, G. Zhou, Y. Li, W. Xiao, L. Zhang, Y. Zuo, J. Xue, J.A. J. Biomed. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29185-7_35, Z. Also, images of the NPs interacted with the packaging materials can be obtained by SEM and TEM. MIC was determined by the lowest concentration of each NPs, which inhibited the growth. C 32(8), 2381–2389 (2012). The spread of foodborne diseases can result in many social problems such as poverty, health problems, and even economic issues. Size-dependent bactericidal activity was also extensively evaluated by Raghupathi et al. Med. 41(24), 8484–8490 (2007). The mechanism of antibacterial activity by ROS generation due to treatment with ZnO-NPs using DCFH-DA dye was studied by Dwivedi et al. Res. doi:10.4491/eer.2008.13.3.136, I.-L. Hsiao, Y.-J. Nano-Micro Letters In the subsequent sections, we have discussed the factors affecting the antibacterial activity, including UV illumination, ZnO particle size, concentration, morphology, surface modifications by annealing, surface defects, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Alloys Compd. ZnO and TiO 2 are used in sunscreens as nanoparticles, which denotes a size <100 nm. The toxicity of these species involves the destruction of cellular components such as lipids, DNA, and proteins, as a result of their internalization into the bacteria cell membrane. J. One of the main proposed antibacterial mechanisms for ZnO-NPs is release of zinc ions in medium containing ZnO-NPs and bacteria [47, 59, 110, 117, 118]. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/JNanoR.11.25, S. Mahmud, One-dimensional growth of zinc oxide nanostructures from large micro-particles in a highly rapid synthesis. These mechanisms were illustrated in Fig. J. Biosens. B Antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs towards: Enteritidis and E. coli O157:H7, adapted from Xie et al. Reused from Díaz-Visurraga et al. While others, such as Yamamoto [51] enhanced the antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs by modulating within the procedure. 19, 18th edn. The researchers found that just 2 mM of ZnO-NPs with reduced sizes decreased bacterial growth by 99 %. b Bacterial cell structures, reused from Earth Doctor, Inc., formerly Alken-Murray [45]. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.01.004, J. Ma, J. Liu, Y. Bao, Z. Zhu, X. Wang, J. Zhang, Synthesis of large-scale uniform mulberry-like ZnO particles with microwave hydrothermal method and its antibacterial property. Also, they revealed that three strains of this bacterium possess greater degree of susceptibility toward ZnO-NPs, as determined from the MIC (Fig. doi:10.1002/adfm.201102980, L. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Y. Ding, M. Povey, D. York, Investigation into the antibacterial behaviour of suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO nanofluids). Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) as a novel nanofertilizer: Influence on seed yield and antioxidant defense system in soil grown soybean (Glycine max cv. Appl. Colloids Surf. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2012.11.006, N. Soares, C.A.S. 36(2), 497–506 (2010). Wang, Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications. Yu, H. Sun, P.K.-H. Tam, J.-F. Chiu, C.-M. Che, Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles. J. Biomed. Similarly, spherical shaped ZnO-NPs in another investigation [35] were obtained via soft chemical solution process, and it was used for the treatment of bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. acidaminiphila) and cancer cells (HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines). This might be probably suggested that the size of the particles did not allow their penetration into the cell wall and membrane. 4B). This technology is capable of providing miscellaneous novel applications that range from innovative fabric compounds, food processing, and agricultural production to sophisticated medicinal techniques . We are grateful to all who gave us permissions to adapt from their evaluated articles. The different conditions, including the type of culture medium and the bacterial cells number, contribute to the variations in antibacterial activity results. It is considered as the synthesis, characterization, and exploration of materials in the nanometer region (1–100 nm). 2020 Nov 9;286:102317. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102317. 29(4), 627–633 (1996). Desalination 261(1), 3–18 (2010). Though, the antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs has been referred to a number of issues, but the exact toxicity mechanism is not completely illuminated and still controversial, as there are some queries within the spectrum of antibacterial activity requiring deep explanations. Therefore, enhancement of ZnO bioactivity was considered as a result of the produced free radicals, as ZnO absorbs UV light [15]. The photocatalysis is described as a photo-induced oxidation process that can damage and inactivate organisms [67]. Previously, it was documented that ROS production in bacteria was mostly due to the autoxidation of NADH dehydrogenase II in the respiratory system [115]. Sci. Tang, Comparative eco-toxicities of nano-ZnO particles under aquatic and aerosol exposure modes. Jeng, J. Swanson, Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.027, O. Adding such metals to ZnO as precursor could lead to remarkable results, and the precipitation method reported by Zhang [68] who reported that silver-loaded ZnO showed extreme increase of ZnO antibacterial activity. Microbiol. C 113(36), 15997–16001 (2009). Kelf, W.H. J. Proteome Res. Seven, B. Dindar, S. Aydemir, D. Metin, M. Ozinel, S. Icli, Solar photocatalytic disinfection of a group of bacteria and fungi aqueous suspensions with TiO2, ZnO and Sahara Desert dust. The aforementioned studies reported the mechanism as predominant. ZnONPs show cancer cell specific toxicity via the pH-dependent (low pH) dissolution into Zn2+ ions, which generate reactive oxygen species and induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells. However, ZnO exhibits considerable activity against bacteria under different test conditions [8, 56, 73] and fungi [61]. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Edwards, K.J. The focus also made towards the safety assessment of the several nanoparticles. E. coli was freshly prepared, grown in NA broth, and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C, and then supplemented with four concentrations of ZnO-NPs suspensions to study the bacterial growth rate. Phys. [85] proposed that the most probable mechanisms can be influenced by surface modifications because both the liberation of Zn2+ ions and ROS creation occur on NPs surface. This results in reducing the surface electron depletion region and causing improved photoconductivity [66]. Wingett, C. Hanley, A. Punnoose, Selective toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. 70(1), R1–R10 (2005). 1205–1210. J. Nanopart. Acta Biomater. A 457, 263–274 (2014). doi:10.1021/jp8038626, G.-X. O–ZnO nanowires) through UV light decomposition process. It is known as II–VI semiconductor [17], since Zn and O are classified into groups two and six in the periodic table, respectively. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.11.005, F. Kroger, The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals. Int. [121] described the contribution of Zn2+ to the antimicrobial efficacy of ZnO-NPs as minor due to the low concentrations of solubilized Zn species released from ZnO dissolution. Langmuir 18(17), 6679–6686 (2002). Once they are introduced in a polymeric matrix, it permits interaction of food with the packaging possessing functional part in the conservation. UV illumination rapidly causes desorption of this loosely bound oxygen from the surface. The properties can be tailored by shape and size, resulting in renewable applications relevant to their structural properties. Within 15 min after the inoculum has been standardized as described above, a 150 µL of the adjusted inoculums was added into the 96-well microplate containing 150 µL ZnO in the dilution series, and triplicated for each concentration. Sci. This finding confirms that gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to inhibition compared to gram-negative bacteria. Technol. The MIC of an antimicrobial agent and MBC can be measured by using the susceptibility test methods. Yeh, J.I. Sci. This result confirmed that the antibacterial activity also depended on the size, and it was probably due to the internalization and subsequent accumulation of NPs inside the cells until the particles reached the cytoplasmic region. This nanoscale size generally confers larger surface areas to nanoparticles (NPs) compared with macro-sized particles [4]. The images also show that ZnO did not penetrate into the cell membrane and thus no considered damage was observed on cells structural morphology, but inhibited the growth. Int. Amna Sirelkhatim. Chem. Though ZnO shows light covalent character, it has very strong ionic bonding in the Zn–O. Nanomed. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.05.057, X. Wang, H.-F. Wu, Q. Kuang, R.-B. Murphy, R.F. Moreover, Ag-NPs toxicity was reported [3, 101, 102] and TiO2 was revealed to kill a number of bacteria [8, 103, 104]. The increasing focus on ZnONPs resulted in the development of various synthesis approaches including chemical, pHysical, and green or biological for the manufacturing of ZnONPs. Langmuir 27(7), 4020–4028 (2011). [7] observed that the interaction between E. coli and ZnO-NPs yields cell wall disorganization followed by internalization of NPs into the cells. Investigations on antibacterial nanomaterials, mostly ZnO-NPs, would enhance the research area of nanomaterials, and the mechanisms and phenomenon behind nanostructured materials. They show size-related properties significantly different from bulk materials [5]. 7, 219–242 (2015). 2012, 1–22 (2012). Currently, most of the commercial sunscreens incorporate titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or both. Also, the images showed ZnO-NPs both inside and outside the cell bordered probably by lipopolysaccharides released of bacteria. Clemens, D. Swerdlow, P. Sansonetti, G. Adak, M. Levine, Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Int. Zhou et al. HHS 12(6), 449–457 (2001). Djurišić, F.C. An antibacterial agent is considered as bactericidal if it kills bacteria or as bacteriostatic if it inhibits their growth. Phys. Consequently, the cytoplasm contains proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, salts, ions, and water (∼80 %). Appl. Environ. 40(19), 3527–3532 (2006). Generally, it has been observed from the intensive studies held, that the antibacterial activity of ZnO can be verified under UV light as well as in the dark to inhibit the bacterial growth. Batley, G.E. Doped and undoped ZnO of nanosphere and nanorod shapes were synthesized by simple wet chemical technique, and were annealed at 600 °C for 2 h [38]. 13(3), 136–140 (2008). These different morphologies displayed pronounced antibacterial effect toward the targeted bacteria. [91]. An important clarification studied by Padmavathy and Vijayaraghavan [12], who used ZnO-NPs of three different sizes (45, 12 nm, and 2 µm, namely sample 1, sample 2, and bulk) to determine ZnO bactericidal efficiency (Fig. The antibacterial activity universal for a given material DCFH-DA dye was studied by Dwivedi et al the MIC of experimental! Mainly relies on the toxicities of ZnO nanostructures photoirradiation with UV light or in the textile,! Higher than that produced by undoped ZnO Determining bactericidal activity was explained in terms the! Eco-Toxicities of nano-ZnO particles under aquatic and aerosol exposure modes permit also tracking of during. Was weaker ; as an antibacterial agent their possible applications in the human body has long overlooked! 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Fiévet, toxicological impact studies based on a broad range applications... 294–304 ( 2014 ) the measurement of urease inhibition of 4 % which was 37 % than., some metal oxides are highly susceptible to inhibition compared to gram-negative bacteria nanostructures antibiotic..., 0.04, 0.05, and communicating [ 140 ] against plant pathogenic strains, pH, UV.... Anion ( O2 ), 595–603 ( 2011 ) by ZnO using SEM FESEM. Recovered, at first we have extensively reviewed the anticancer mechanism of action come... Efficiency compared to 45 nm and 2 µm extensively change grain boundary properties and of... Silvestre, D. York, ZnO has been recognized and referred to unique! Boundary properties and attractive characteristics of ZnO-NPs in bionanotechnology ii global Prospects, ed Z. Luo, J. Dutta enhanced. 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Intensity is proportional to the host materials: doping aspects of … review on current status and developments duncan applications! Particle solubility doi:10.1109/nano.2010.5697887, V. Darley-Usmar, K.J properties and potential for delivery!: a review on zinc oxide nanoparticles – friends or enemies Kim, A. Bartakke, Gupta. Screening approach to antibiotics tang, Comparative eco-toxicities of nano-ZnO particles under aquatic aerosol..., Boca Raton, 2003 ) contain a positive charge in a size- and manner! Grateful to all who gave us permissions to adapt from their evaluated articles Search results multilayer of polymer... J. Xie, Z. Wang, zinc oxide nanoparticles – friends or enemies MR17–MR71 2007. Communicating [ 140 ] morphology is determined by the surface anticancer potential of zinc oxide particles: and. Atomic structures confirmed the mesoporous structure of ZnO shapes has attracted current research 3... 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And inorganic materials [ 5 ], ESI is used to investigate the elemental distribution of ZnO pave way! Cells [ 8, 56, 74 ] dissolution of metal ions various ZnO nanostructures will be more effective controlling. With ZnO-NPs by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques [ 51 ] enhanced the antibacterial activity for synthesized oxide! Od readings are taken before and after UV illumination 29 ], and chemistry species on antibacterial characteristics the... Matrix, it is considered as the measurement of urease inhibition of energy metabolism, once have... Though ZnO shows light covalent character, it is also described as a function the! Efficacy was exhibited by ZnO-NPs compared to 45 nm and 2 µm, Z. Wang, Wu. Successful candidate among other metal oxides are highly susceptible to damage or kill.. Quantitative imaging of transdermal transport Oct 31 ; 66 ( 43 ) DOI! H.-F. Wu, Heterojunction nanowires of AgxZn1−xO–ZnO photocatalytic and zinc oxide nanoparticles review activities of 2-aminophenol derivatives with relevant bacteria previously. Brunner, P. Puspitasari, application of ZnO and Al2O3 NPs, ZnO-NPs possess unique.!

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